International cooperation capacity refers to the two exist between countries or regions will and need capacity joint action of the multinational or trans-regional configuration of supply and demand. Capacity cooperation can have two channels: either through product capacity in the form of output displacement, but can be by industrial transfer capacity with the method of displacement. Visible, our country put forward the cooperation goes beyond the traditional capital output capacity, it is both a commodity output, is also the capital output. However, popular cooperation mainly refers to the production of industrial transfer. In recent years, with the "area" strategy is put forward, the international cooperation capacity as the main content of the enterprises to carry out the strategy of "going out", the focus of the government's work content, the hot topic of social concern. Current our country all the way "area" capacity cooperation achieved positive progress, but there are also many problems and obstacles, needs to take corresponding measures to further promote cooperation all the way "area" capacity continues to run smoothly.
"Area" capacity cooperation made positive progress
1. The cooperation capacity growth faster
Since 2013, xi jinping, since the President put forward the "area" initiative, rapid growth of China's foreign investment cooperation. According to the ministry of commerce statistics, in 2015 China's domestic investors on the global 155 countries and regions, 6532 foreign enterprises on the non-financial direct investment, realized total foreign investment of 735.08 billion yuan ($118.02 billion), up 14.7% from a year earlier. By the end of December 2015, China's cumulative foreign non-financial direct investment of 5.4 trillion yuan ($863.04 billion). Among them, China's enterprises in the area along the "related to 49 countries for direct investment, the investment a combined $14.82 billion, up 18.2% from a year earlier, accounting for 12.6% of the total, the investment mainly flow to Singapore, kazakhstan, Laos, Indonesia, Russia and Thailand, etc.
According to statistics, in 2015 China's foreign contracted projects business new signing contracts reached 1.3084 trillion yuan ($210.07 billion), up 9.5% from a year earlier, complete turnover RMB 959.6 billion ($154.07 billion), up 8.2% from a year earlier. Among them, the "area" of 60 countries new to sign a contract with foreign contracted projects, 3987 new signing contracts can be $92.64 billion, compared with the same period of China's foreign contracted projects signed new contracts can be 44.1%, up 7.4% from a year earlier. Complete the turnover of $69.26 billion, accounting for 45% of the total, up 7.6% from a year earlier.
2. Production cooperation way is varied
Our country enterprise and the "area" is becoming more and more diversified production cooperation of countries along the way, for instance, involved in electric power industry in the field of infrastructure methods increasingly diverse, from the original equipment supplier to the EP (design - procurement), EPC (design) - procurement - construction, IPP (independent power plant), BOT (construction - operation - transfer), BOO (construction - have - operation), the PPP (public-private partnerships), a variety of forms such as mergers and acquisitions, financing lease, Chinese electric power enterprises "going out" level enhances unceasingly.
In terms of foreign contracted projects, contracting enterprises in China should make full use of its advantages in capital, technology, and actively explore the "engineering contracting + financing", "engineering contracting, financing and operating" methods such as cooperation, conditional more adopted BOT, PPP projects.
Foreign economic and trade cooperation zone is to promote the "area" initiative and international production and equipment manufacturing cooperation platform for the effective, has become to promote China and the host country as the important carrier of economic and trade cooperation a win-win situation. According to statistics, by the end of 2015, China's enterprises are building overseas economic and trade cooperation zone, 75, 13 are confirmed through the inspection. Under construction in 75 zone, 53 countries along the distribution in the "area"; Has passed the examination of the 13 cooperation zones, 10 is located in the "area" all the way along the country. Under construction in 75 zone, more than half is closely related to production cooperation manufacture class park, accumulative total investment of $7.05 billion, 1209 into the zone enterprises, total output value of $42.09 billion, for domestic textile, garments, light industry, household appliances, such as traditional advantage industry part of the capacity to transfer abroad; 13 through the examination of the cooperation zone, leading industry involves non-ferrous, light textile, clothing, auto parts, building materials, home appliances and other competitive industries.
Worth pointing out that in 2015, guangxi qinzhou and sit in pahang state of the construction of "double garden" between the two countries - china-malaysia qinzhou industrial park and overspending: Dan ma industrial park has been opened. "Double garden" between the two countries opened up a new pattern of international economic and trade cooperation in the new period, for China and the countries along the "area" particularly asean countries to promote cooperation capacity, promote two-way investment provides effective carrier. In the future, "the two double garden" model is likely to expand into a "garden" two countries "international garden" mode.
3. A variety of advantage industry "going out"
In current China "neighbourhood" all the way along the transnational production cooperation of industry, both in light industry, household appliances, textile and clothing is given priority to the traditional advantage industry, mainly iron and steel, electrolytic aluminum, cement, plate glass spare capacity advantage industry, how to electric power equipment, engineering machinery, communications equipment, high-speed rail and rail transportation equipment manufacturing industry.
"Area" capacity cooperation also led to China railway, electric power, communication industry advantages of related technologies and standards of "going out", to improve the status of China in the global industrial chain and value chain. Jakarta, Indonesia, for example, to bandung, high-speed rail project is from the technical standard and equipment manufacturing in China, to survey and design, project implementation and operation management, and other comprehensive overall "going out" the first single project, benchmarking significance; Laos railway projects have started construction, Hungary railway also effectively drive the Chinese railway standard and equipment of "going out".
4. The state-owned enterprises, private enterprises together
Enterprise is the body of the capacity of cooperation. By the end of 2014, China's foreign non-financial investment stock was $745.02 billion, among them, the state-owned enterprises accounted for 53.6%, while still in a dominant position, but compared to previous years continued to decline; Steady rise of non-state-owned enterprises accounted for 46.4%, compared with previous years, the continuous optimization of investment subject structure.
In the state-owned enterprises, the central enterprises are main force of "going out". By the end of 2014, a total of 2014 central enterprises set up a 8515 branches abroad, distributed in more than 150 countries and regions in the world. Among them, more than 80 central enterprises in the "area" all the way along the country set up branches. More representative of the state, including China petroleum, China petrochemical, China's cnooc, China mobile, China power grid, China building material group, China southern power grid, turbine, etc.
All the way in the "area" strategic guidance, many private enterprises have also participate in international cooperation capacity. Grey iron and steel company in Indonesia, for example, the construction of green industrial park, huaxia fund construction industry co., LTD. Is a joint venture in Indonesia happiness new town, and so on. In fact, the current many overseas economic and trade cooperation zone is actually made up of private enterprises as the main body and carry out operations. It is worth mentioning that in August 2014, the national federation of industry and established China minsheng investment co., LTD is composed of 59 private enterprises, registered capital of 50 billion yuan. The establishment of the people to vote for private capital to participate in international cooperation capacity provided new resources, ways and business model. At present, the people vote in places such as Hong Kong, Singapore, London.
"Area" capacity problems existing in the cooperation with obstacles
According to statistics, in 2014 for "neighbourhood" all the way along the national direct investment flow of $13.66 billion, Chinese foreign non-financial direct investment proportion is 11.1%; In 2015 for "neighbourhood" all the way along the country direct investment growth to $14.82 billion, slightly higher than, also is only 12.56%. At present, our country and the capacity of cooperation of countries along the "area" is still in its infancy, inevitably has the characteristics such as small scale, many problems and high risk, the need to gradually solve in the future practice.
1. Promote cooperation capacity of systems and mechanisms and support service system is not sound
Long-term since, our country for overseas investment enterprises to adopt more cautious restriction system, administrative examination and approval system is too complex, lack of efficiency and transparency in such aspects as investment approval, foreign exchange management has many constraints. The government had been established, the national development and reform commission, the ministry of commerce has to reform management system of foreign direct investment, with a few sensitive investment country, must go through examination and approval of investment projects, other cancelling overseas investment project approval, a filing management system, clear cancel bound charge all kinds of unreasonable restrictions and foreign investment. But, in addition to simplifying the pre-approval, afterwards supervision system and mechanism is not having set up in a timely manner. Currently no policy fragmented and promote the international cooperation capacity system, a serious shortage of policy support, the existing policy implementation effect is poorer. Especially involving state-owned enterprises overseas investment management system and mechanism has been in a "put" and "tube" groping, still not clear and incomplete. In addition, the international cooperation of production, statistical information service network monitoring system and other support service system construction lags behind, is not conducive to the government to the overall deployment and adjustment of production cooperation, it is difficult to timely release risk early warning.
2. With the foreign system of environmental and technical standards are not compatible
Enterprises to "go out" to face and domestic different institutional environment, but for our country enterprise in this respect is not enough, because do not familiar with foreign business practices, legal environment, as well as a lack of international project experience, etc., often happen "contract out" a hard landing, enterprise was sent off. The "area" construction has the characteristics of the obvious G2G, namely "the government" to the government. G2G cooperation program focuses on the government (or the ruling party), but for the countries of the market and benefit for the common people sometimes did not reflect, in the light easy to encounter the opposition to prevent resistance and social level. In the past in myanmar, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Thailand and so on all encountered similar events, by a number of major investment projects and was forced to stop.
Although the civil market is growing rapidly in some countries, but the contract condition is not standard, don't use the international FIDIC clause general (journal of civil engineering construction contract conditions), the host country formulate contract awarding contract optional the gender is big, increase the risk of Chinese enterprises execute the contract.
Don't butt capacity cooperation technical standards. For example, some Middle East countries, although its technical ability is weak, but admired Europe and the United States industry technology and standards, Chinese enterprises to enter under pressure. Some countries implement the European standard for a long time, especially the power, oil refining, transportation and other infrastructure construction field, has formed a fixed source for European technical standard system and huge vested interests. Some countries power project specific provision can't even use Chinese standard, or instead, Japan and Europe and the United States.
3. The enterprise internationalization of incompetence
Characteristics and rules of automobile enterprises of national market in China is yet to be in-depth understanding, in the brand image maintenance, protection of intellectual property rights, the foreign default responsibility, the respect such as anti-dumping litigation self-protection ability is insufficient, "go out". Engineering machinery in our country in the overseas market competition, not only the key technology and key parts, relying on the enterprises in developed countries after-sale service has become a significant constraint. And iron and steel enterprises due to technical level is not high, the international business negotiation ability is poor, in the case of the international steel market saturation are forced to squeeze in a narrow market, mainly concentrated in the upstream link of mineral resources development, middle refining foreign investment are very few, only scattered steel mill is established in southeast Asia, Africa.
The problems in the international cooperation capacity of Chinese enterprises, to a large extent and the talent team with an international vision, especially lack of senior management personnel and technical personnel. Multinational cooperation capacity related to national law, currency, financial accounting system and all kinds of complicated factors, the enterprise only has complete familiar with international market analysis, business rules, laws and regulations, investment and financing management, project management and other personnel, can in the intricacies of the international market to make the right investment decisions.
4. Outside of all kinds of risk will be exist for a long time
"Area" most countries belong to developing countries, economic development level and industrialization level is more lower than China's, most countries sovereign credit condition, most of the country's sovereign credit in CCC - class B, and in recent years, some countries have sovereign level cut the risk of (using "four etc. The tenth level system" rating, CCC - B belongs to speculative grade). Associated with this, outside the of all kinds of risk will be exist for a long time.
Political risk. "Area" involves multiple world high risk zone, regional tensions, terrorism, extremism and the problem of cross-border crime in some countries along the "area" is concentrated. At the same time, many countries along the "area" internally also faces a leadership transition, democratic political transition, ethnic conflict etc. Multiple contradictions.
The economic risks. Some countries trade protectionism, tariffs and non-tariff barriers, spare parts localization production policy, local factory products enjoy preferential interest rates Banks special loans become a common method to prevent outsiders.
Social risks. "Area" all the way along the countries and regions of multi-ethnic, multi-cultural, multi-language and religious beliefs, for Chinese enterprises' overseas projects and operational challenges. "Area" all the way along some state media hyped "China threat theory", deliberately hostile consciousness, greatly increases the transaction costs of China's foreign cooperation capacity.
Environmental risks. Despite China's "going out" excess capacity is a high quality production, not out of backward production capacity, in the short term, our country some energy-consuming, high pollution of iron and steel, cement, building materials, chemical industry and other industries, and transferred to the industrialized countries with low levels of popular, but in the long term potentially huge risk of environmental protection. Heavy chemical industry in our country transnational cooperation capacity should be vigilant the fluky psychology due to environmental disputes.
Countermeasures and Suggestions
1. To establish a perfect mechanism and promote cooperation capacity system support service system
"Under the new situation, China's participation in the project area all the way" capacity management system needs the government to give up the past cooperation, deepen reform, strengthen system innovation, the foreign investment system as soon as possible to shift from examination and approval system for records supplemented, examination and approval and implement, and on this basis to build the system of foreign investment and international cooperation to promote. The Chinese government to take the initiative to come forward, as soon as possible with relevant countries to reach a bilateral and multilateral investment protection agreement. Promote and relevant countries have signed a joint action plan, the fta, key areas the memorandum of cooperation and bilateral consensus on the implementation of as soon as possible.
To formulate the corresponding policy measures to promote and support. Including: the company to carry out overseas investment and cooperation projects to give preferential income tax and preferential tariffs to encourage; Formulate the corresponding financial, insurance, promote and support policies and measures; Formulate corresponding foreign trade and foreign aid policy measures to promote and support; Actively mobilize all forces, set up the government as the main body of the multinational cooperation platform for the intelligence and intelligence network system capacity; Research multinational capacity major project cooperation, provide overseas project information to related enterprises.
From the international experience, accounting firms, law firms, investment Banks and securities firms, credit reporting, rating agencies and other intermediaries in the international cooperation capacity plays a very important role. Our country should strengthen support and cultivate relevant intermediary agencies, and promote Chinese public accounting firms, law firms, investment Banks and securities firms, credit reporting, rating agencies and other intermediary agencies "going out", provide relevant services for Chinese enterprises to "go out".
2. Positive external forces are used to achieve win-win cooperation
Enterprises to "go out", in the face of the host country strange habits of laws and regulations, management, labor quality and the humanities environment, if the Chinese enterprises and personnel to handle directly, is difficult, but if use external forces to solve, will get twice the result with half the effort. To adhere to the win-win cooperation concept, value and local enterprises with strength, experience, familiar with international companies and related financial institutions such as cooperation, part avoid political risk, legal risk, economic risk, foreign exchange risk, security risk, and so on. To enhance corporate social responsibility consciousness, improve local procurement efforts, as much as possible to hire local employees, driving the development of local small and medium-sized enterprises and supporting industries, strive for the support of the local people and social forces. To strengthen cooperation with related international organizations, priority and the Asian infrastructure investment bank, bank of the brics cooperation with well-known financial institutions such as the silk road fund. At the same time, the increase of overseas project safety, quality, environmental factors such as investment, make the enterprise reputation, reputation through good safety record and the high quality standard of project and get promoted.
3. The innovation mode of commercial operation
Construction of a high level of foreign trade and economic cooperation zones. China and relevant countries to further perfecting the bilateral or multilateral cooperation framework, tax, finance, industry, science and technology, talents, technical standards, etc as a focus of policy coordination, and strive to contribute to a group of high gold content, strong operability of preferential policies to make high level overseas industrial park has become the special policy priority implementation platform. Summary in the improvement of the horse "double garden between the two countries" construction experience, actively promote "the two double garden" mode, as well as the "garden" between the two countries' international garden "mode.
Innovative use of PPP model in infrastructure investment and cooperation capacity. Chinese enterprises should make full use of capital, technology advantages, actively explore the "engineering contracting + financing" "engineering contracting, financing and operating mode of cooperation, such as conditional more BOT, PPP projects. Established in China by reference to the CDB "urban construction infrastructure platform company's successful experience, to launch" neighbourhood "all the way along the national infrastructure investment and financing platform, in us dollars and RMB investment by Chinese companies, relevant state authorized companies in the form of investment in mineral resources, the resources of the relatively high income industry development with low yields of infrastructure construction, solve the infrastructure project construction cycle is long, low return, the financing difficult problem, and then promote cooperation capacity.
Actively implement the integration of infrastructure construction camp. Past Chinese businesses to participate in the international infrastructure construction is the main business or EPC general contracting, construction general contract has not fully meet the needs of the international market, also make oneself in the infrastructure and capacity cooperation value chain low-end, thin margins. In the future, will "integration of infrastructure construction camp" as the key work to advance. "Integration of infrastructure construction camp", the focus is on increasing the investment of productive service, will take the project construction as the main body of international engineering contracting business chain extension forward treads, promote Chinese enterprises in the position in the international division of labor system infrastructure, and in the value chain system realize from the "sweat to build" to "create" wisdom.
4. The enhancement enterprise international competitiveness
While the iron is hot still need their own hard, enterprises in the international cooperation capacity to obtain the survival and development opportunities, the key is to enhance market competitiveness. Japanese multinationals "mother-child factory" system to enhance the international competitiveness of China's enterprises provides a train of thought for reference. So-called "mother factory" system, is China's investment in emerging market countries capacity as bearing general products and technologies of "factory", and to construct China's domestic factories into a technical support, development, manufacture, advanced manufacturing technology application and meet the demand of high-end market function of "mother factory", through the "mother-child factory" system construction, is pushing China's excess production capacity, output and transfer, and by increasing domestic production efficiency to promote the competition ability, solve the problem of the cost rise quickly.
Establish a diversified overseas personnel mechanism, vigorously implement the "senior managerial talent internationalization, localization" grass-roots management personnel and operational staff of human resources strategy. Senior talent internationalization is the introduction of some international business ability, familiar with international operation mode of senior talent, use of the advantage of foreign language of employees and management experience, to promote international cooperation capacity. On the development of the advanced international talents, want to combine two aspects of internal training and external recruit measures.
5. To strengthen research, reduce the risk of production cooperation
To cope with the possible risks and reduce the production cooperation, to strengthen the ecstasy of countries along the "area", the state, society and people. Scientific evaluation related national investment risk, carefully chosen cooperation of the host country, should be a precondition of "region" cooperation capacity.
The current our country is to strengthen the construction of a think-tank. Implement the strategy of "area" need to mobilize think-tank forces, strengthen on the national politics, economy, culture, industry, environment, etc, the analysis of the research, production capacity for the implementation of "going out" cooperation decision-making services.
