According to the national "about speed up the development of sports industry, promote the sports consumption of the several opinions put forward by the government work report and the two" national fitness, competitive sports and sports industry ", the spirit of the sports industry will become the important force to promote the growth of economy continued. By the end of 2013, the national has more than 1.69 million sports ground, stadium 6000 [1], the next few years will continue to increase in the number of our country sports venues, this shows that our country sports venues are still in the stage of rapid development. For future construction of sports venues, more scientific planning, design to be more reasonable, the function first to meet the requirements of sports and sports events, especially the sports professional sports system has been developed in our country, and to undertake more and more international events, the requirements of the sports venues are more strict.

Sports lighting functional requirements is very high, especially televised sports venues to the functional requirements of the lighting is higher, sports venues in the high intensity of illumination, high uniformity and high light source color rendering in addition to have good lighting products, such as reasonable. Set up and a high level of lighting design, followed by the power consumption and high. A large number of experimental investigation shows that the position. The installation height of lamps and lanterns design is unreasonable, not only directly affect the lighting technology indicators, but also causes a large amount of waste of electricity. This article will through the experimental investigation of a large number of sports venues, various technical indicators of lighting design and the main factors influencing the lighting power density is analyzed, so as to lighting designers in the sports lighting design to provide the reference basis. At the same time, the special cause of problems in the current lighting applications - the LED can be used for sports lighting for further discussion.

1 stadium lighting test investigation

Construction quality inspection center for many years China construction science research institute of the national lighting testing hundreds of sports venues, and take the Olympic Games, Asian games and universiade and all previous national games venues lighting testing, debugging and acceptance work, accumulated a lot of lighting engineering field test data. In the revision of sports lighting design and testing of the standard in the process of the member units and lighting company set design at home and abroad a number of important sports venues, occupies very important position in lighting design, has the extremely rich design experience, for the group to provide a lot of valuable data. Analyzing and summarizing these precious information for us to complete the standard revision laid a solid foundation.

1.1 the venue the measured profile survey

Collected statistics data include important to the national stadium field testing of more than 300 venues, are all venues, including a large number of high-level competition venues (Ⅴ or Ⅵ level), otherwise from various lighting design units to provide lighting design data of domestic and international major sports venues, stadiums data collected a total of more than 1000 cases, with outdoor stadium, gymnasium, tennis court, swimming pool, venues and training venues. In more than 1000 cases of data, the content of the project is not complete, or test data can not meet the standard requirements, etc., statistics have remove this part of the venue, to participate in the statistical analysis of a total of more than 900 the number of sports venues, including 462 venues and training venues around 440. Experimental investigation of content including lighting system, lamps and lanterns installation height, lighting, power, illumination, intensity of illumination evenness, ratio of intensity of illumination, color rendering index, color temperature, glare, etc.

The number of 1.2 venues and functional level

Measured survey are played in the majority with outdoor stadium and gymnasium, functional level Ⅴ venues number slightly Ⅳ level and Ⅵ level, as shown in table 1.

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1.3 installation height of lamps and lanterns and functional level

Results according to the height of installation of lamps and lanterns can draw the following conclusion:

1) stadium lighting installation height in 40 h or less < 50 (m) between the number of accounts for 45.7% of the total number of various heights, that is to say, the lamps and lanterns of existing stadium installation height nearly half are between 40-50 m; Gym, tennis court, swimming pool installation height of lamps and lanterns in 15 h or less < 25 (m) between the number of more than 60% of the total number of various heights, that is to say, the gym installation height of lamps and lanterns is generally between 15 to 25 m.

2) generally speaking, the height of lamps and lanterns is low, low level (IV) the chances of getting venues big; Lamps and lanterns on the high side, the high level (VI) the chances of getting venues slants big, because senior category is refers to the major events, high-definition television, sports venues to accommodate the audience seats, dimension is big,. The location of the installation height (lamps and lanterns) will also be increased accordingly. Installation height range, the relationship between the sports level and the lamps and lanterns are shown in table 2, table 3:

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2 statistics data error analysis and data

On field survey of more than 900 venues in the data due to various reasons, such as unreasonable. Position setting, improper choice of lamps and lanterns light distribution and structure keep out serious, causing some of the data discreteness is bigger, according to the principle of statistics, according to the theory of error data.

2.1 statistics allow reasonable error range

Error probability distribution: when the error of statistics between plus or minus 0.6745 sigma (standard error) range, the probability is 50%; Error between plus or minus 2 sigma range, the probability is 95%; Error between plus or minus 3 sigma range, probability is 99.7%; Error in the plus or minus 3 sigma beyond chance of only 0.3%.

In limited statistical data, the general selection error probability 3 sigma to five sigma as a reasonable range of error or statistical maximum allowable error probability.

2.2 suspicious statistics method of choice

Usually in a set of statistics will find a statistics in one area is different from that of the rest of the statistics, to keep the number, and probable error of average will have much impact, if there is no good reason, only according to the theory of error value choice is the right decision. Decision data in the steps of:

1) calculate the arithmetic mean value and the probability of a single numerical error of calculation suspicious data shall be included;

2) calculate the suspicious larger than d/gamma of deviation and error probability;

3) listed in the table according to the statistic number (n) and the corresponding deviation d with the ratio of the probability of error gamma (d/gamma), the trade-off decision data;

4) if the d/gamma statistic value is greater than the table d/gamma, can lay down the statistics.

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The numerical part with law is based on Chauvenet numerical abandon standard simplified.

According to the above principles on the measured data processing, abandoned the individual large discreteness of dubious value.

3 the analysis of the field survey results

The measured results show that for most of the sports venues, the adoption of high performance light source, lamps and lanterns products, with high efficiency, environmental protection, energy saving, long life and other characteristics, coupled with high levels of lighting design, various technical indicators can basically achieve JGJ 153 "stadium lighting design and testing of the standard" regulation of technical indicators. This article only relationship with lighting energy-saving lighting indicators for further analysis, to determine the reasonable lighting power density value.

3.1 and lighting energy-saving lighting indicators

1) the intensity of illumination and the intensity of illumination uniformity: this is an important indicator in lighting design, also is the main content in light detection, especially the television to the direction of the camera requires a high degree of vertical illuminance and the intensity of illumination uniformity, the field construction conditions (. Too short or too close to the ground), or other conditions (front athletes can't cloth lamp) limited, which is difficult to achieve, practice proves that the position of the light pole and. Particularly important to implement the lighting plan, so in the architectural design should be given attention to;

2) illumination ratio: it refers to the average illuminance and the ratio of the average vertical illuminance, no television, level of illuminance values have specific provision, have demands on TV, in the standard only a range of horizontal illuminance value, namely the average illuminance is 0.75 ~ 1.5 times of average vertical illuminance, vertical illuminance value is mainly determined by the camera type and the requirements on TV, the level of intensity of illumination and the ratio of vertical illuminance is mainly in order to guarantee the effect of lighting and lighting stereo feeling. Sometimes more difficult to control the indicators, especially when is limited by site conditions and., often need to by improving the level of intensity of illumination method to improve the vertical illuminance value, cause the ratio is too large, it not only affects the quality of lighting, but also greatly increase the lighting power, cause energy waste. Through reasonable lighting design, which effectively control within the prescribed scope, to improve the lighting quality and saving energy has very important significance. This survey of illuminance ratio as shown in table 5.

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International commission on illumination (CIE), the international sports federation (GAISF) average intensity of illumination and the ratio of the average vertical illuminance between 0.5 ~ 2.0, the international radio and television service (OBS) regulation main division (PA) is the ratio of 0.75 ~ 1.5, the venue (TA) is the ratio of 0.5 ~ 2.0, according to the actual investigation of the drafting group to our country sports venues statistical results show that the level of the stadium illumination and the ratio of vertical illuminance at 0.75 ~ 1.8; Stadium at between 1.0 ~ 2.0 is reasonable, so that more conducive to energy conservation.

3.2 the lighting power density value

Our country "building lighting design standard", "city road lighting design standard" and "code for design view the city Ming for office buildings, commercial buildings, transportation, industrial buildings, and roads are set lighting power density value. In the building lighting design standard "and" sports lighting design and testing of the standard "has yet to sports venues in the lighting power density. Because of the complexity of the sports building structure, the diversification of contests and sports games high requirements for lighting, determine the lighting power density has the certain difficulty. Investigations show that different types of venues, including the stadium, gymnasium, swimming pool, tennis court, reaches the same illumination lighting power needed for more than five times as much as some can vary, also because of the different structure, the same area, at the same intensity of illumination, lighting power density can also differs a few times, the visible set lighting power density value of sports venues on lighting energy saving is of great significance [2].

In this paper, according to the error theory, field detection and lighting design for data analysis, got training venues and on TV is broadcasting venues lighting power density (LPD) value, for the development of sports venues lighting power density value provides a reference basis.

462 venues will be measured to investigate the data according to the theory of error in data processing, and finally a total of 448 venues for statistical lighting power density (LPD) value. In this paper, four categories of commonly used metal halide lamp venues (stadium, gymnasium, tennis court, swimming pool) statistical analysis of the value of lighting power density. In the stadium and gymnasium as an example, the analysis results are shown in table 6 - table 7.

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To further illustrate the stadium hall lighting power density, the change rule of the above survey results measured to the stadium as an example, the map into athletics and football project, in order to analyze and understand. Installation height of lamps and lanterns and the relationship between the power density and the relationship between the game level and power density is shown in figure 1, shown in figure 4.

By the measured results can draw the following conclusion:

1) under the same function level, lighting power density values increase with the increase of the installation height of lamps and lanterns, strong regularity;

2) lighting power density and function level, the higher the level of lighting power density is larger, and for the nonlinear relationship;

(3) outdoor stadium football and track and field) of a football field lighting power density than the athletic field lighting power density is high, and the size of the site area;

4) for comprehensive sports venues should design different pattern of lights.

4 look

Stadium venue lighting use more traditional light source, high intensity discharge lamp, metal halide lamp, lamp power 1000 w / 2000 w. Lamps and lanterns installation height can reach 50-60 m. With the rapid development of LED lighting applications, LED application in the gymnasium lighting also more and more people's attention. So far, both at home and abroad have been a number of building and rebuilding of sports venues used the LED lighting, especially the training venues, such as China's state general administration of sports training venues, Olympic sports center training venues, workers' stadium football stadium, shantou university sports venues and many universities such as the United States of Michigan state university sports venues are used the LED lighting, venues also were adopted in LED lighting, such as the United States of NRG stadium, PNC stadium, France, the UK's Chelsea football stadium Ekinox stadium adopts the LED lighting such as [3]. To the 2022 winter Olympics is expected to have more sports venues with LED lighting.

LED lighting with its power consumption is small, color quality is adjustable, flexible control, and other unique characteristics of the instantaneous light, lighting is suitable for use in sports. Because of the sports venues to both games and television, so a high requirement on the lighting, the stability of LED lighting, glare and stroboscopic and a series of problems to be further discussed.

For sports venues will be LED lighting must be on the product properties and application technology meet the corresponding requirements:

1) LED products performance requirements:

A) LED lamp power and photosynthetic efficiency value: sports venues ground lighting illumination as high as 2000 lx, while LED light source, high luminous efficiency, but to achieve such a high intensity of illumination, the single lamp also get hundreds of watts (gym) even on kw (stadium), high-power lamp so heat is a big problem, companies are also committed to solve this problem, the current domestic and outside for such products to market, form a single lamp of 1000 w series products, and used for sports venues and ports. According to the national construction quality inspection center in 2014 LED production enterprises of our country several major sports venues the detection results of lamps and lanterns, efficiency of lamps and lanterns are above 90 lm/W, visible LED luminous efficiency is to be able to meet the requirements.

B) the color of the LED performance indicators: CRI is one of the important indicators to evaluate color color rendering index, the development of new international CQS is a new color rendering index evaluation system, for traditional light sources and SSL source, relative to the current of market dominance to stimulate phosphor to produce white light LED, CRI evaluation method can still be used, for the blue light stimulates the yellow phosphor's emission spectrum is mainly yellow green, lack of red light composition R9, so should be increased in the related standards of the provisions of the R9. In addition, the evaluation of the LED color performance indicators and similar light source color temperature, color tolerance, life period of color deviation and deviation of lamps and lanterns in different directions. Because the stadiums have TV, color performance is very important.

C) LED lamps and lanterns light distribution: lamps and lanterns installation height of sports venues are usually between several meters to tens of meters, and the requirement to the intensity of illumination evenness (refers to the high level of competition), high light the projection distance of some one hundred dozens of meters, beam Angle are only a few degrees, different projection distance need different lamps and lanterns with light, often a sports need a variety of light distribution, in the stadium hall is suitable for use with light, narrow light distribution, and narrow light distribution.

D) requirements for the weight of the LED lamps and lanterns: installation height is higher, because the lamps and lanterns control the weight of the lamp can reduce the load of structures, reduce construction cost. Due to solve the problem of heat dissipation LED lamps and lanterns, tend to increase the weight of the lamps and lanterns, so for the weight of the lamps and lanterns should be limited value.

2) LED lighting application requirements:

LED color drift: a) buildings in color performance indicators of LED products for Ra color rendering index, color temperature of Tcp, the light source color tolerance, color deviation can make quantitative regulation, but in practice due to the influence of various factors, with the passage of time, the color rendering index Ra increases, Tcp will reduce the color temperature, and make it can make a big difference between the initial value, such as an Olympic venues, after years of use, the color rendering index Ra from 81 to 91, Tcp color temperature from 5500 K to 4400 K, the above is a metal halide lamp field data, and the LED used in sports venues will have much color drift remains to be verified.

B) LED lighting glare problems: in the stadium hall glare will not only influence the game, will also affect the athlete's mood, if the emergent light shone directly to the camera lens, also can produce the glare of the camera, influence. Solve the glare caused by LED lighting should be considered in addition to the lamps and lanterns design to prevent glare, the installation height of lamps and lanterns and the projection Angle and control the glare of the important factors.

C) the stroboscopic effect of LED lighting; Evaluation index of stroboscopic effect, there are two: stroboscopic ratio and stroboscopic index. Leds stroboscopic effect more evident than other several kinds of light source, in the case of the same frequency, LED lights stroboscopic than than metal halide lamp stroboscopic than high. In the practical application of intermediate frequency flash lighting is particularly important for stadiums, when broadcast it in slow motion or ultra slow-motion replay, broadcast image dithering phenomenon can occur easily. So the London Olympics demand of sports broadcasting stroboscopic some gym stroboscopic than would be a less than 3%.

3) LED lighting control system:

The LED used for sports venues lighting has absolute advantage in the aspect of intelligent control system. It is need to meet a variety of sports venues lighting light mode, 2 it is TV emergency lighting light source can instantaneous lighting, and so on, metal halide lamp light from light to reach the rated commensuration to 40 minutes, if during matches lights for out, then back to the game seems unlikely, Beijing Olympic venues are added before put into use uninterruptible power supply, such not only can greatly increase the investment, but also can bring a lot of inconvenience to use. And as the safety evacuation lighting and lighting in sports venues ever use halogen tungsten lamp, short service life, low light efficiency, energy saving. In addition, now a lot of games, such as the tennis tournament in rest, sometimes whole lights, only leave the lights on the seat athletes, is adopted after the lamp is installed on the opening and closing device, if use the LED can flexible control. And in the sports training centre, athletes can according to need to adjust the light, feel good. LED intelligent control system applied in sports stadiums can give full play to the role.

4) LED lighting power density:

Stadium lighting illumination, high power consumption big, the use of LED lighting than traditional metal halide lamp lighting has greater energy saving potential. According to the application research of semiconductor lighting products in training venues and subject to the measured results of sports training venues in index under the premise of meet the same intensity of illumination, LED lights more than the total power needed for the traditional metal halide lamp is low, the average energy saving rate is about 40%. Illustrate the LED lighting power density value was significantly lower than the traditional metal halide lamp, on the basis of the traditional lighting LPD limit, can be multiplied by the corresponding correction coefficient, for LED lighting power density value of the venues remains to be further research.